基于工作过程的南疆高职院校园艺技术专业农业应用化学教学改革探析

分析了从南疆职业院校园艺技术专业农业应用化学教学中存在的问题,以提高该课程教学要求及园艺技术人才专业人才培养规格为目标,提出了对接教学领域与职业技能、职业素养,改革教学内容、课程体系、优化教学的方法和手段,为提高园艺技术专业服务育人本质,培养更多更好服务地方经济社会发展的高素质、高技能的园艺技术专业人才奠定重要的基础。     

茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

基于专利分析中国番茄产业技术发展研究

以上海知识产权（专利信息）公共服务平台检索系统作为统计源,借助专利情报分析方法,对中国番茄的专利申请量、布局、技术研究重点、申请人情况、主要申请人的研究方向等方面进行分析,揭示中国番茄领域专利技术的分布规律及特征,探究中国番茄领域技术创新能力与技术水平,从而为番茄领域的技术研究提供参考依据。     

Application of molybdenum fertilizer enhanced quality and production of alfalfa in northern China under non-irrigated conditions

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micro-mineral nutrient for plant growth and development. As an important legume forage, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is frequently planted in marginal lands of northern China where water scarcity and infertile soil are limiting factors for alfalfa production. Mo plays an important role in nitrogen (N) metabolism in general and N fixation in legume species in particular. To evaluate the role of Mo fertilizer in alfalfa quality and production in semi-arid areas of northern China, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Inner Mongolia from 2012 to 2014. Mo fertilizer at the doses of 0, 150 g hm^?2, 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 was applied consecutively across the three years. Application of Mo at 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 significantly increased dry yield of alfalfa in 2014. Crude protein (CP) content of alfalfa without application of Mo exhibited a decline trend from 2012 to 2014. Application of Mo significantly enhanced total CP in 2012 and 2014, and delayed the reduction in total CP across the three years. In contrast to CP, Mo fertilizer had no significant effects on neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content. In addition, we found that nitrate reductase activity of alfalfa was increased by Mo fertilizer, which may account for the enhanced CP content in alfalfa. These findings highlight that application of Mo fertilizer can be an effective way to improve alfalfa production and quality in semi-arid areas in northern China.     

Factors determining the adoption of laser land leveling in the irrigated rice–wheat system in Haryana,India

Laser land leveling has been increasingly adopted in the irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in the state of Haryana (India), located in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Still, many farmers have applied it to only a fraction of their land. In this study, we used data collected from 621 farm households in Haryana and applied a double-hurdle model for assessing the factors that determine the adoption and intensity of laser-leveling technology. The results show that large land holders are more likely to laser level their farm land; however, we found a negative association between land holdings and the proportion of laser-leveled land. Information about technology through farmer-to-farmer communication and through private traders, participation in agricultural training and membership in local agricultural institutions increased both the likelihood and the intensity of adoption. Our findings call for a closer collaboration among the various stakeholders, specifically to promote farmer-to-farmer communication through increased participation in local institutions and increase the rate of adoption of laser leveling technology.     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

Understanding farmers’ potato production practices and use of improved varieties in Chencha,Ethiopia

This study was carried out to better understand non-adoption of improved varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and associated technologies by smallholder farmers in Chencha, Ethiopia. Data were collected through a survey (n = 47) and in-depth interviews (n = 20). It shows how wealth status was a factor of major importance. Most wealthy and some medium-wealthy farmers adopted improved potato varieties and many of the improved production practices; they had access to seed, associated knowledge and support, and sufficient resources that were necessary to apply the improved practices. Non-adoption was common among many medium-wealthy and most poor farmers: they lacked—next to access to the technologies and knowledge—cash, land, and labor. Results indicated the need to rethink research and intervention efforts. Next to paying attention to differences in the access to technology and the related knowledge, there is a need to consider the variation in technology needs, supporting microcredit services, and room to experiment. As a result, different combinations of improved production practices may be adopted.     

韩国稻作技术创新与转型

随着社会经济的发展及农业劳动力的转移,韩国水稻种植方式发生了转型。从上世纪70年代末期开始,韩国水稻机插秧比例快速上升,手插秧比例下降,到90年代基本实现了水稻种植的机械化;省工节本的直播稻产量受不确定因素影响较大,且稻米品质不如机插秧和手插秧,其种植面积出现了波动,现只占韩国水稻种植面积的4%左右。本文介绍了韩国水稻机插秧、湿润直播和旱直播技术的作业流程。     

土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.     

颗粒肥料质量流量传感器设计与试验

变量施肥具有提高肥料利用率、保护生态环境、节约农业生产成本等优点，但目前还没有得到广泛的应用，除了难以获得变量施肥的处方图之外，缺乏闭环检测也是原因之一。闭环控制是实现变量施肥的关键之一，与间接测量排肥轴的转速相比，实时检测肥料的质量流量更为准确。本文基于静电感应原理，设计了一种颗粒肥料质量流量传感器。由于颗粒肥料之间、颗粒肥料与空气、颗粒肥料与排肥管之间的摩擦和碰撞，颗粒肥料会携带一定量的电荷，因此本研究设计了环形电极来检测电荷强度，并利用电流放大电路输出感应电流。通过标定质量流量与感应电流的关系，获得了实时的肥料质量流量。搭建试验台对该颗粒肥料质量流量传感器进行检测，试验台主要包括动态信号采集系统、肥料箱、电流放大器和环形电极传感器。以大颗粒尿素（CO(NH2)2）、过磷酸钙（Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O）和氯化钾（KCl）为研究对象，其平均容重分别为0.7、1.2、1.1g/cm3。根据施肥装置的物理参数，通过调整排肥轴转速可获得近似的目标质量流量，目标质量流量的范围是3~15g/s，增量为1g/s。对于每个质量流量，进行了4次重复。每次重复30s，施肥装置与信号采集系统同时启动。利用平均感应电流和平均质量流量建立回归方程，采用插值法得到实时质量流量。随后，对每种肥料进行25次试验，从而检验本文中颗粒肥料质量流量传感器的测量精度，每次试验的目标质量流量由5个随机质量流量组成，每个质量流量下持续排肥6s，用天平称量30s内的实际质量，通过积分质量流量和时间曲线计算检测质量。采用SPSS 22.0软件对试验结果进行统计分析，分析表明，大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾的检测误差分别为3.9%、5.1%、5.9%，相应的标准差分别为5.21、7.98、11.29。检测质量与实际质量无显著性差异（P>0.1），大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾检测误差的数学期望值分别为3.74%、4.93%、5.22%。本文的研究结果表明，检测误差随颗粒肥料粒径的减小而增大。